Appleshampoo wrote:https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/15/health/mrna-vaccine.html?searchResultPosition=1I read this in the paper Sunday. The print had a better headline: Decades of Discovery Before Sprint to Vaccine.
I never knew the vaccine was an accumulation of a bunch of different studies in different fields, including research on a cure for AIDS, and spanned so many years. I wish I had understood this while anti-vaccine friends told me they don’t trust how quickley the vaccine developed.
NYT might still give 5 free articles a month. Interesting info that I will try to summarize:
1. Discovery of mRNA 60-years ago. A genetic molecule that helps cells make protein. Decades later scientist pursue using mRNA to make tiny pieces of viruses that strengthen the immune system.
2. Meanwhile, gene therapy biotech look for a way to protect fragile molecules and safely deliver to human cells
3. 1996 USA. AIDS has killed 350,000 Americans and 6 million people worldwide. Bill Clinton invites crazed Aunts arch nemesis, Anthony Fauci, for a briefing. Clinton said to Fauci “you’ve known about AIDS since 1981 how come there is no vaccine yet.” Fauci says efforts are unorganized, pitches a research lab, and Clinton agrees. The Vaccine Research Center in Maryland is born.
4. They detail atomic structure of a HIV spike that allows it shape shift and spread to more human cells. They look for parts of the spike the immune system best recognizes and can block. Try to recreate it. The research failed to find a vaccination for HIV.
5. HIV cells rapidly change. In 2008, a scientist decided to take the research to a more manageable virus. Teams with a scientist working on HIV and a respiratory illness called R.S.V.. they research a protein that helps viruses merge with cells and learn how to contain it.
6. Flashback to 1950, mRNA molecule is known to help make protein but they don’t know how the genetic code finds the cell database. In 1960, scientists figure out the messenger is a molecule called X. pronounced Eeks because these scientist were from Fournier’s homeland.
7. X carries copies of the DNA code to ribosomes, cell components that read code and pump the decoded proteins. Molecule messenger RNA. It is difficult to isolate and easily falls apart. The research sits for decades because of this.
8. It is 1998. Up to that point commercial vaccines carried modified viruses or pieces of them to train the immune system to attack it. A Hungarian scientist studying at Penn theorizes mRNA can coerce a cell to create any type of protein, insulin to the spike of a virus, as long as they know it’s genetic code. She teams with a PENN virologist and they feel they're on to something. mRNA vaccines could carry instructions that teach body cells to pump their own viral proteins. This could better mimic a real infection and prompt the immune system to build stronger defense.
9. Eventually mRNA becomes easier to isolate but is making test rats sick. The immune system sees mRNA as an evading pathogen. The rats become ill and the mRNA destroyed.
10. They discover cells protect their own mRNA with a chemical modification. They tried making the same modification to the mRNA before injecting it into cells. It worked. They successfully got cells to accept mRNA. *I would like to learn more about the chemical modification.
11. Drs Kariko and Weissman knew the molecules must be shielded in the bloodstream to prevent degradation and work as a vaccine.
12. Team in Vancouver, led by Dr Culliss studies biological membranes. The outer layer of fat, called lipids, encases trillions of cells. They want to create their own lipids to encase drugs and genetic material to transport to cells.
13. The test fat was way bigger then body cells and some of the man made lipids had electric charges with a form of toxicity that ripped cell membranes apart. They found a way to manipulate the positive charge to disappear once injected into the bloodstream. *reasonable to have questions about this
14. Kariko and Weismann hear about this but are the midst of business disputes with each other. Cullis reluctantly agreed to allow vaccine creators to use the lipids. They encase vaccines but still nobody knows the precise genetic code needed for a MERS vaccine.
15. The team from 5 at the Vaccine Research Center are focused on coronavirus in 2013 with MERS and SARS and HBU1 before it. MERS spiked a lot like HIV meaning it shape shifts and is difficult to isolate and harder to find an effective vaccine. So they looked at electron images of frozen HBU1 proteins. The first time seeing a coronavirus before it latched onto cells.
16. Loose joints are identified and two stiff amino acids are inserted in this model. The entire thing became more rigid. MERS disappears before they could use the info and the entire thing was buried in a 2017 patent filing.
17. Covid-19 entered the world. The same type of pathogen. Decades of work provided a framework for effective covid vaccines.
Its amazing how scientist remain persistent. They have theories and convictions that take years to prove. More years to see real life application. Some don't see any recognition. Kind of like Knicks fans.
Also I see how my parent's kind of rich friend got his theory that Covid was Fauci's next hit job after inventing AIDS and SARS to get wealthy. It's a lazy interpretation of details that strokes ego and sells humanity short. Amazing things and good people are possible.
I am not a scientist or virologist or anything close. I sell IT for a living. Just a dude with the Sunday paper and a highlighter. Much of the points are direct from passages in the article. This summary was longer than I anticipated.