popper wrote:Zonkerbl wrote:popper wrote:Food for thought from John Tooby. He's considered by some the father of evolutionary psychology.
".... Coalition-mindedness makes everyone, including scientists, far stupider in coalitional collectivities than as individuals. Paradoxically, a political party united by supernatural beliefs can revise its beliefs about economics or climate without revisers being bad coalition members. But people whose coalitional membership is constituted by their shared adherence to “rational,” scientific propositions have a problem when—as is generally the case—new information arises which requires belief revision. To question or disagree with coalitional precepts, even for rational reasons, makes one a bad and immoral coalition member—at risk of losing job offers, one's friends, and one's cherished group identity. This freezes belief revision.
Forming coalitions around scientific or factual questions is disastrous, because it pits our urge for scientific truth-seeking against the nearly insuperable human appetite to be a good coalition member. Once scientific propositions are moralized, the scientific process is wounded, often fatally. No one is behaving either ethically or scientifically who does not make the best case possible for rival theories with which one disagrees".
https://www.edge.org/conversation/john_tooby-coalitional-instincts
Well, I agree with the last sentence. This is what's wrong with the Republican party right now, there is absolutely no skepticism at all. What the God King Trump says is the absolute truth and everything dirty thieving liberals say is wrong. That's how countries end up voluntarily voting in a dictator.
I find the whole premise of the two paragraphs absolutely nonsensical. Let's consider two groups, one that forms coalitions around whatever a god king says that explicitly rejects science and rationality in favor of believing whatever the god king tells them to believe, and a coalition based around making money from scientific advances. The members of both groups are equally irrational. However, when confronted with data countering their preconceived beliefs, the first group will make no attempt to change whatsoever. Their ability to make change quickly is only in response to the whims of their god king and not likely at all to move in any direction towards the truth. The second group may eventually move closer to the truth, maybe not as quickly as you would like.
Telling people to reject science is something a grifter trying to sell nutritional supplements would say. Don't be a mark for silk tongued snake oil salesmen.
Hmmm. I didn't read it that way. Tooly is obviously a big believer in science (PhD from Harvard in Biological Anthropology and Professor of Anthropology at UCSB). I could be wrong but I interpret his position as follows; people throughout history have formed coalitions (for reasons of safety, acceptance, financial advantage, political power, etc.) It's almost a natural instinct.
I will assume that Tooby thinks that all coalitions believe they are acting rationally to achieve their objectives (of course they may be mistaken when all is said and done). It's obvious to me that some coalition members' eschew science and truth for the benefit of remaining on good terms with their chosen coalition. If one considers our current political situation, I see irrational behavior/actions with individuals on all sides of the political spectrum.
But back to Tooby's point. Assume a coalition is formed to pursue actions based on the best science. Members of this coalition determine that science tells us that the benefits of smoking cigarettes far outweigh the health risks. Money starts to flow to scientist that support the coalition's conclusion. Members of the coalition that seek funding to further the science (but in fact may revise in unacceptable ways the aforementioned conclusion) are denied it.
Thus the coalition ceases to be really about the science.
I think you and Toobin are conflating scientific conclusions with political decisions, and also really arguing for different things here.
1) Neither of you have really come out and defined what a coalition is? For Toobin, he defines coalition as a singular, in-group that moralizes science, and an out-group speaking truth to the coalition. In your post, you imply that there are multiple competing coalitions, each twisting science to advance their own political agendas, which is not what Toobin is trying to argue.
2) Your view on coalitions, states that there are coalitions that eschew science and truth for the benefit of remaining on good terms with their chosen coalition. That's explicitly a criticism of politics and political actors, not of science. Toobin is explicitly saying there are scientists that will reject a new theory to remain as a part of the scientist coalition. You are saying that scientists separate themselves and produce research in accordance with their own political views.
3) In your given example about smoking - yes, there are definitely Philip-Morris-backed researchers that come out with some questionable studies, but the scientific community at large (Toobin's coalition) remains objective. The scientific community does not weigh the benefits of smoking vs health risks. Tobacco companies do. The scientific community, as a coalition, would never publish a Philip-Morris backed study that promotes the benefits of smoking, or the non-addicting traits of smoking, because the science doesn't say that. Neither would a medical journal editoralize, or make comparisons between two separate phenomenon, unless there was a scientific link between the two. If a scientist did somehow find a scientific link where it showed that smoking, while carcinogenic, lowered blood pressure, they would publish that study, and it would be the work of journalism to spin the scientific conclusion and editorialize/balance it into a headline stating "smoking linked to better health" because the actual medical journal title would be something like "Preliminary trials in smoking shown to lower blood pressure in certain patients." That's the difference between fact and opinion?
4) And yes, Philip Morris would, and did do that, which is why they got sued. They were publishing in their own journals and other publications that nicotine is not addictive, that "light" and "low tar" cigarettes are somehow healthier for you, and even destroyed their own research when they could not get the results they wanted. Is Philip Morris the coalition? A coalition of one? How fast and loose do we want to play with this "coalition" term?
5) Your point re: how money corrupts the science is also counter to Toobin's point. Again, Toobin is saying there is an in-group, and that in-group pressures members of the scientific community to be on the coalition's side, and then there's everyone else. You continue to describe a world where there are multiple coalitions which is an entirely different discussion, but probably a more accurate description of the political world and how they utilize science.
6) To put a finer point on it, in Toobin's model, you are either a scientist, embraced by the coalition, or you're not, and you're a laughing stock. He doesn't offer any explanation as to why the coalition thinks the way it does, except to imply that it is a social pressure, based off inertia - that old ideas are immutable, and new ideas are not welcome.
In Popper's model, there are two or more groups, each misusing scientific research to advance their own economic gain. This is, again, (a) not what Toobin argues for; and (b) explicitly counters Toobin, because at least Toobin believes that there is scientific truth, whereas in Popper's world, science is prone to be dictated by its funding source, and any given scientific topic in any given political debate is influenced and must be questioned, regardless of it's a coalition opinion or a non-coalition opinion.
To put an even finer point on it, in Toobin's world, new scientific research must be evaluated on its merits, even if it runs contrary to the mainstream view. In Popper's world, scientific research is so affected by funding, and can be manipulated to such extreme ends, there is effectively no science.
In either case, it misunderstands and conflates a number of issues, and misdirects the author's frustration at the incorrect person. Toobin's wrong for accusing the other scientists for acting as part of the in-crowd (an anthropologist really has no business doing research in biology) that runs counter to Toobin's status as the out crowd. Popper, I think you're wrong in both misinterpreting Toobin's conclusions to a political model, misdirect your frustration at the political spin of scientific findings at scientists and not politicians, and really not being honest with yourself re: the both-sidesing of manipulating scientific data.
Time and time again, we have seen republicans being the one to disregard science, whether it's re: abortion, climate science, pandemic/mask/vaccinations, net neutrality, etc.
But, to be fair, I don't think these criticisms are completely unfounded.
I personally believe there's an in-group thinking re: the economy, part of which is related to GOP-funded propaganda. The free market, as it presently exists, is not free, nor is it fair, as reflected in the data. It's funny how there's not a lot of GOP support for overthrowing the group-think when it comes to capitalists, but there is re: scientists.
I personally believe there's an in-group thinking re: immigration, part of which is related to GOP-funded propaganda. The worries about crime, disease, welfare abuse, etc. is not reflected in the data. It's funny how there's not a lot of GOP support for overthrowing this group-think when it comes to xenophobia, but there is re: scientists.
I personally believe that there's an in-group thinking re: race relations, part of which is related to GOP-funded propaganda. The lies that we tell ourselves about bootstrapping, and all lives matter, and that racism no longer exists or is important is not reflected in the data. It's funny how there's not a lot of GOP support for overthrowing this group-think when it comes to racism, but there is re: scientists.
Things like wealth inequality, xenophobia, and racism are MUCH more ripe for someone to assert an argument against incumbent, entrenched, and immutable group think than "SCIENCE" - a discipline where by definition, is a rigorous, systematic endeavor that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions. It is the LEAST "well that's just what I believe" domestic policy ever?
Just some food for thought.